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   "content" : "# Katolisismen kan ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett\n\n## Reformer nødvendig\n\n## Endringer vedtatt\n\n## Solidaritet\n\n## Men hvor lenge var Adam i paradis?\n\n## Antimodernitet tilbake?\n\nFornyelse kan vinne frem på katolsk hold, men det er komplisert å fullføre løpet.\n\nDen katolske kirkes eneste offisielle moderniseringstiltak i nyere tid er Det andre vatikankonsilandre vatikankonsilAndre Vatikankonsil (1962–1965): Innkalt av pave Johannes XXIII for å bringe kirken i dialog med den moderne verden; et av de viktigste kirkemøtene i moderne tid. . Men fornyelsen ble raskt parkert. Uten impulser fra denne kirkelige revolusjonen kan katolisismen ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett.\n\nI disse dager markeres Det andre vatikankonsils 60-årsjubileum. Kirkemøtets historie handler om en fornyelse som brøt frem, for å ende i motbakke.\n\nKonsilet kom ikke helt som lyn fra klar himmel. Den franske «nyteologien» hadde oppslutning på 1950-tallet. Lignende strømninger fantes i Tyskland og Nederland.\n\nMen i forhold til det katolske lederskapets holdninger innebar Vaticanum II en smått utrolig kursendring. For pavene i det drøye hundreåret mellom 1840 og 1960 var kompromissløs kamp mot «modernismen» en hovedsak. Nyvinninger som tros- og samvittighetsfrihet, demokrati og stemmerett ble bekjempet på bastant vis. I denne perioden var den katolske kirkeledelsen en reaksjonær aktør.\n\nDa Johannes XXIII overraskende ble valgt til pave i 1958, varslet han endringer. Han ble kalt «den gode paven» – og Johnnie Walker, fordi han vandret rundt i Romas gater for å se hvordan folk levde. Johannes var jovial og folkelig. Som kirkelig diplomat hadde han tilegnet seg en fleksibilitet som forgjengerne manglet.\n\nDen nye paven var ingen teologisk liberaler. Men han skjønte at katolisismen krevde reformer. Johannes gjorde aggiornamento til slagordet sitt, han ville oppdatere kirken ved å åpne den for den moderne verden.\n\nDa forslaget om å innkalle til et universelt konsil ble lansert, var protestene sterke. Kurien motsatte seg ideen: Den katolske kirke var et «perfekt samfunn» under «ufeilbarlig» pavelig ledelse, åpen meningsutveksling ville føre til kaos. Men Johannes lot seg ikke stoppe, med vennlig besluttsomhet fastholdt han planen. Før han døde i juni 1963, fikk han oppleve at konsilet var i gang.\n\nI løpet av fire sesjoner mellom 11. oktober 1962 og 8. desember 1965 innfant ca. 2500 biskoper fra hele verden seg i Roma for å diskutere kirkens fremtid. Selv om drøftingene fant sted i Peterskirken, gikk det ofte en kule varmt. Motsetningene var krasse. Men de «konsilfedrene» som ønsket fornyelse, fikk etter hvert gjennomslag. Biskoper fra Frankrike, Tyskland og Nederland var pådrivere her.\n\nJeg kan ikke gå inn på konsilets mange vedtak i detalj, men nøyer meg med korte merknader til noen av de mest avgjørende beslutningene:\n\nDen katolske kirkes selvforståelse ble justert. Tidligere insisterte en på at den romerske institusjonen var identisk med den «ene» og «sanne» kirken. Nå ble det slått fast at også andre kirker formidlet frelsen. Dette var basert på en dynamisk og inkluderende kirketenkning, kirken var Guds folk på vandring.\n\nDenne endringen fikk følger for synet på det kirkelige enhetsarbeidet. Mens økumenikk tidligere nærmest ble avfeid som utidig heft – enheten var allerede realisert i den katolske institusjonen, ble katolikker nå sterkt oppfordret til å engasjere seg i det økumeniske arbeidet.\n\nKirkens forhold til andre religioner ble også preget av en ny åpenhet. Tilslutning til religionsfriheten var utgangspunktet her, det fikk følger for kirkens misjon.\n\nFor leke katolikker hadde fornyelsen av gudstjenestelivet størst betydning. I stedet for den allment brukte latinske messen fra 1570, ble det åpnet for messefeiring på folkespråket. De fjerne høyaltrene ble erstattet av nære bordaltre, lekfolk fikk sentrale roller, feiringen skulle syde av liv. Etter konsilet ble dette fulgt opp gjennom nye, delvis lokalt forankrede liturgier.\n\nDen tydeligste forandringen var knyttet til kirkens forhold til den moderne verden. Dokumentet «Glede og håp» avspeiler dyp solidaritet med menneskene, særlig de som har tungt å bære. Kirken står i et skjebnefellesskap med verden, den må samarbeide med «alle mennesker av god vilje» for å realisere «det felles gode». Lenger bort fra den innbitte katolske «antimodernismen» er det vanskelig å komme. Og mens kirkeledelsen tidligere var en uforsonlig kald kriger, la dette grunnlaget for en viktig midlerrolle mellom øst og vest.\n\nEtter konsilet praktiserte Den katolske kirke – mange steder, om enn ikke overalt – Maos slagord om å la hundre blomster blomstre. Katolikker opplevde en så langt ukjent frihet. Nonner som hadde måttet leve med massiv mannsdominans, utgjorde ofte fornyelsens fortropp. Ordensdrakten ble plassert i skapet, noen av søstrene fant frem gitaren og istemte Bob Dylans protestviser.\n\nEnkelte ganger gikk det litt over stokk og stein. Sett i lys av en oppdemmet frihetslengsel er dette forståelig. Etter en viss famling fikk fornyelsen en tjenlig form. Den katolske revolusjonen fant faktisk sted før 68-ernes opprør.\n\nDen nye paven Paul VI og flere av biskopene fikk snart kalde føtter. Mens katolske tradisjonalister kjempet for retur til fortiden. Det første store tilbakeslaget kom allerede med encyklikaen «Om det menneskelige livet» av 25. juli 1968. Skrivet knytter en snerpete seksualmoral til det famøse forbudet mot «kunstig prevensjon», som påførte katolske kvinner blytunge byrder.\n\nFor å gjøre en lang historie altfor kort: Fornyelsen endte i motbakke. Ikke fordi den var uønsket blant katolikker flest, men fordi konservative ledere sviktet. Pavene Johannes Paul II og Benedikt XVI deltok begge på konsilet. Førstnevnte var ikke motstander av dets vedtak, men heller ingen aktiv støttespiller. Sistnevnte fremsto i økende grad som en bremsekloss på dette feltet.\n\nPave Frans er vrien å plassere. Hans sterke sosiale engasjement og kamp for en mindre stivbeint kirke samsvarer med konsilets intensjoner. Men teologien hans var på mange måter konservativ, og han var mindre opptatt av strukturelle reformer. Leo XIV synes stort sett å følge kursen til Frans. Innenfor dagens norske katolisisme spiller konsilet en temmelig beskjeden rolle.\n\nFølgende konklusjon kan trekkes av Det andre vatikankonsils historie: Fornyelse kan vinne frem på katolsk hold, men det er komplisert å fullføre løpet. Når fornyelsesprosesser blokkeres, kan retrospektiv antimodernitet gjøre comeback i verdens største kirke.\n\n- [Ola TjørhomProfessor dr. theol.](http://aftenposten.no/av/ola-tjoerhom-2)",
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   "metadata" : "{\"schema\":{\"microdata\":{\"datePublished\":\"5. desember\"}},\"twitter\":{},\"source_updated_at\":\"2025-12-10 11:29:06\",\"title\":\"Uten impulser fra denne kirkelige revolusjonen kan katolisismen ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett\",\"description\":\"Fornyelse kan vinne frem på katolsk hold, men det er komplisert å fullføre løpet. \",\"content\":\"# Katolisismen kan ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett\\n\\n## Reformer nødvendig\\n\\n## Endringer vedtatt\\n\\n## Solidaritet\\n\\n## Men hvor lenge var Adam i paradis?\\n\\n## Antimodernitet tilbake?\\n\\nFornyelse kan vinne frem på katolsk hold, men det er komplisert å fullføre løpet.\\n\\nDen katolske kirkes eneste offisielle moderniseringstiltak i nyere tid er Det andre vatikankonsilandre vatikankonsilAndre Vatikankonsil (1962–1965): Innkalt av pave Johannes XXIII for å bringe kirken i dialog med den moderne verden; et av de viktigste kirkemøtene i moderne tid. . Men fornyelsen ble raskt parkert. Uten impulser fra denne kirkelige revolusjonen kan katolisismen ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett.\\n\\nI disse dager markeres Det andre vatikankonsils 60-årsjubileum. Kirkemøtets historie handler om en fornyelse som brøt frem, for å ende i motbakke.\\n\\nKonsilet kom ikke helt som lyn fra klar himmel. Den franske «nyteologien» hadde oppslutning på 1950-tallet. Lignende strømninger fantes i Tyskland og Nederland.\\n\\nMen i forhold til det katolske lederskapets holdninger innebar Vaticanum II en smått utrolig kursendring. For pavene i det drøye hundreåret mellom 1840 og 1960 var kompromissløs kamp mot «modernismen» en hovedsak. Nyvinninger som tros- og samvittighetsfrihet, demokrati og stemmerett ble bekjempet på bastant vis. I denne perioden var den katolske kirkeledelsen en reaksjonær aktør.\\n\\nDa Johannes XXIII overraskende ble valgt til pave i 1958, varslet han endringer. Han ble kalt «den gode paven» – og Johnnie Walker, fordi han vandret rundt i Romas gater for å se hvordan folk levde. Johannes var jovial og folkelig. Som kirkelig diplomat hadde han tilegnet seg en fleksibilitet som forgjengerne manglet.\\n\\nDen nye paven var ingen teologisk liberaler. Men han skjønte at katolisismen krevde reformer. Johannes gjorde aggiornamento til slagordet sitt, han ville oppdatere kirken ved å åpne den for den moderne verden.\\n\\nDa forslaget om å innkalle til et universelt konsil ble lansert, var protestene sterke. Kurien motsatte seg ideen: Den katolske kirke var et «perfekt samfunn» under «ufeilbarlig» pavelig ledelse, åpen meningsutveksling ville føre til kaos. Men Johannes lot seg ikke stoppe, med vennlig besluttsomhet fastholdt han planen. Før han døde i juni 1963, fikk han oppleve at konsilet var i gang.\\n\\nI løpet av fire sesjoner mellom 11. oktober 1962 og 8. desember 1965 innfant ca. 2500 biskoper fra hele verden seg i Roma for å diskutere kirkens fremtid. Selv om drøftingene fant sted i Peterskirken, gikk det ofte en kule varmt. Motsetningene var krasse. Men de «konsilfedrene» som ønsket fornyelse, fikk etter hvert gjennomslag. Biskoper fra Frankrike, Tyskland og Nederland var pådrivere her.\\n\\nJeg kan ikke gå inn på konsilets mange vedtak i detalj, men nøyer meg med korte merknader til noen av de mest avgjørende beslutningene:\\n\\nDen katolske kirkes selvforståelse ble justert. Tidligere insisterte en på at den romerske institusjonen var identisk med den «ene» og «sanne» kirken. Nå ble det slått fast at også andre kirker formidlet frelsen. Dette var basert på en dynamisk og inkluderende kirketenkning, kirken var Guds folk på vandring.\\n\\nDenne endringen fikk følger for synet på det kirkelige enhetsarbeidet. Mens økumenikk tidligere nærmest ble avfeid som utidig heft – enheten var allerede realisert i den katolske institusjonen, ble katolikker nå sterkt oppfordret til å engasjere seg i det økumeniske arbeidet.\\n\\nKirkens forhold til andre religioner ble også preget av en ny åpenhet. Tilslutning til religionsfriheten var utgangspunktet her, det fikk følger for kirkens misjon.\\n\\nFor leke katolikker hadde fornyelsen av gudstjenestelivet størst betydning. I stedet for den allment brukte latinske messen fra 1570, ble det åpnet for messefeiring på folkespråket. De fjerne høyaltrene ble erstattet av nære bordaltre, lekfolk fikk sentrale roller, feiringen skulle syde av liv. Etter konsilet ble dette fulgt opp gjennom nye, delvis lokalt forankrede liturgier.\\n\\nDen tydeligste forandringen var knyttet til kirkens forhold til den moderne verden. Dokumentet «Glede og håp» avspeiler dyp solidaritet med menneskene, særlig de som har tungt å bære. Kirken står i et skjebnefellesskap med verden, den må samarbeide med «alle mennesker av god vilje» for å realisere «det felles gode». Lenger bort fra den innbitte katolske «antimodernismen» er det vanskelig å komme. Og mens kirkeledelsen tidligere var en uforsonlig kald kriger, la dette grunnlaget for en viktig midlerrolle mellom øst og vest.\\n\\nEtter konsilet praktiserte Den katolske kirke – mange steder, om enn ikke overalt – Maos slagord om å la hundre blomster blomstre. Katolikker opplevde en så langt ukjent frihet. Nonner som hadde måttet leve med massiv mannsdominans, utgjorde ofte fornyelsens fortropp. Ordensdrakten ble plassert i skapet, noen av søstrene fant frem gitaren og istemte Bob Dylans protestviser.\\n\\nEnkelte ganger gikk det litt over stokk og stein. Sett i lys av en oppdemmet frihetslengsel er dette forståelig. Etter en viss famling fikk fornyelsen en tjenlig form. Den katolske revolusjonen fant faktisk sted før 68-ernes opprør.\\n\\nDen nye paven Paul VI og flere av biskopene fikk snart kalde føtter. Mens katolske tradisjonalister kjempet for retur til fortiden. Det første store tilbakeslaget kom allerede med encyklikaen «Om det menneskelige livet» av 25. juli 1968. Skrivet knytter en snerpete seksualmoral til det famøse forbudet mot «kunstig prevensjon», som påførte katolske kvinner blytunge byrder.\\n\\nFor å gjøre en lang historie altfor kort: Fornyelsen endte i motbakke. Ikke fordi den var uønsket blant katolikker flest, men fordi konservative ledere sviktet. Pavene Johannes Paul II og Benedikt XVI deltok begge på konsilet. Førstnevnte var ikke motstander av dets vedtak, men heller ingen aktiv støttespiller. Sistnevnte fremsto i økende grad som en bremsekloss på dette feltet.\\n\\nPave Frans er vrien å plassere. Hans sterke sosiale engasjement og kamp for en mindre stivbeint kirke samsvarer med konsilets intensjoner. Men teologien hans var på mange måter konservativ, og han var mindre opptatt av strukturelle reformer. Leo XIV synes stort sett å følge kursen til Frans. Innenfor dagens norske katolisisme spiller konsilet en temmelig beskjeden rolle.\\n\\nFølgende konklusjon kan trekkes av Det andre vatikankonsils historie: Fornyelse kan vinne frem på katolsk hold, men det er komplisert å fullføre løpet. Når fornyelsesprosesser blokkeres, kan retrospektiv antimodernitet gjøre comeback i verdens største kirke.\\n\\n- [Ola TjørhomProfessor dr. theol.](http://aftenposten.no/av/ola-tjoerhom-2)\",\"meta\":{\"robots\":\"max-image-preview:large\",\"msapplication-TileColor\":\"#fff\",\"apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style\":\"black-translucent\",\"description\":\"Fornyelse kan vinne frem på katolsk hold, men det er komplisert å fullføre løpet. \",\"msapplication-config\":\"/cnp-assets/favicon-6c399f1f/browserconfig.xml\",\"theme-color\":\"#fff\",\"mobile-web-app-capable\":\"yes\",\"apple-mobile-web-app-title\":\"Aftenposten\",\"viewport\":\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\",\"application-name\":\"Aftenposten\",\"apple-mobile-web-app-capable\":\"yes\",\"msapplication-TileImage\":\"/cnp-assets/favicon-6c399f1f/mstile-144x144.png\"},\"published_at\":\"2025-12-12 21:00:16\",\"image_url\":\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/f2483a7c-47eb-4ce1-bf1a-212aa1705e95?fit=crop&format=auto&h=1268&w=1902&s=f6580a553a03df06c7dfce9e7e25dc5fc5d66849\",\"is_paywalled\":1,\"keywords\":[],\"raw_feed_item\":\"<item>\\n            <title><![CDATA[Katolisismen kan ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett]]></title>\\n            <link>https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/i/vrm83j/katolisismen-kan-ende-opp-som-et-nostalgisk-raritetskabinett</link>\\n            <guid>https://www.aftenposten.no/i/vrm83j</guid>\\n            <pubDate>Fri, 12 Dec 2025 21:00:16 GMT</pubDate>\\n            <description><![CDATA[Fornyelse kan vinne frem på katolsk hold, men det er komplisert å fullføre løpet. ]]></description>\\n            <enclosure length=\\\"65535\\\" type=\\\"image/jpeg\\\" url=\\\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/7546c7a5-208b-4617-8cf4-140af58e0596?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=1152&amp;tight=true&amp;w=2048&amp;s=c6ec0c7fa10ca7deb98d756f4a63155fd9c9648b\\\" />\\n        </item>\",\"author\":\"\",\"og\":{\"description\":\"Fornyelse kan vinne frem på katolsk hold, men det er komplisert å fullføre løpet. \",\"image\":\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/f2483a7c-47eb-4ce1-bf1a-212aa1705e95?fit=crop&format=auto&h=1268&w=1902&s=f6580a553a03df06c7dfce9e7e25dc5fc5d66849\",\"title\":\"Uten impulser fra denne kirkelige revolusjonen kan katolisismen ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett\",\"image:width\":\"1902\",\"type\":\"article\",\"image:height\":\"1268\",\"url\":\"https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/i/vrm83j/katolisismen-kan-ende-opp-som-et-nostalgisk-raritetskabinett\"}}",
   "og_title" : "Uten impulser fra denne kirkelige revolusjonen kan katolisismen ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett",
   "published_at" : "2025-12-12 21:00:16",
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class=\"advertory-aftenposten-skyscraperleft_1-wrapper\"><div id=\"skyscraperleft_1\" class=\"advertory-aftenposten-skyscraperleft_1\"></div></div></div><div class=\"hyperion-css-yck6b5\"><div class=\"page-layout-supertop hyperion-css-1499hb2\"><div class=\"advertory-aftenposten-topboard-wrapper\"><div id=\"topboard\" style=\"min-height:150px\" class=\"advertory-aftenposten-topboard\"></div></div><div class=\"advertory-wrapper-common-wallpaper wallpaper\"><div id=\"wallpaper\" class=\"advertory-common-wallpaper disable-cogwheel\"></div></div></div><div class=\"hyperion-css-dz5hzo\"><article class=\"article-wrapper-vrm83j\"><div class=\"opinion running-head extendedContent hyperion-css-1z06dqh\" data-test-tag=\"running-head\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-7enjca\"><a data-test-tag=\"internal-link\" href=\"/meninger/debatt\" class=\"hyperion-css-1raymq9\" rel=\"\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"Debatt\" theme=\"opinion\">Debatt</a></div><div class=\"hyperion-css-semo9s\"><a data-test-tag=\"internal-link\" href=\"/tag/teologi\" class=\"hyperion-css-1raymq9\" rel=\"\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"Teologi\" theme=\"opinion\">Teologi</a></div></div><h1 class=\"extendedContent h1 hyperion-css-j2lk82\" data-test-tag=\"headline\">Katolisismen kan ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett</h1><div class=\"extendedContent hyperion-css-cgw1f6\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-io3370\" data-test-tag=\"byline\" data-testid=\"byline\"><ul data-test-tag=\"byline:authors\" data-testid=\"byline:authors\" class=\"hyperion-css-1772xtw\"><li class=\"hyperion-css-b8p8ys\"><a title=\"Se journalistens profil: Ola Tjørhom\" aria-label=\"Se journalistens profil: Ola Tjørhom\" href=\"http://aftenposten.no/av/ola-tjoerhom-2\" class=\"hyperion-css-1x0qoq7\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-y7i40o\"><img class=\"image-asset hyperion-css-u06ts1\" data-test-tag=\"image-asset\" src=\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/author/d0468c23-77c3-45da-8b51-aae606d3d5ff?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=2048&amp;w=2048&amp;s=c8a29fce78416c9826501c2dad28d0911deb78f9\" srcSet=\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/author/d0468c23-77c3-45da-8b51-aae606d3d5ff?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=2048&amp;w=2048&amp;s=c8a29fce78416c9826501c2dad28d0911deb78f9 2048w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/author/d0468c23-77c3-45da-8b51-aae606d3d5ff?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=1440&amp;w=1440&amp;s=b02203165f03c51fba0fe5f5486873e7382f96c3 1440w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/author/d0468c23-77c3-45da-8b51-aae606d3d5ff?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=1024&amp;w=1024&amp;s=838c12846f34ac80f1efdd56a1defa2df00d573b 1024w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/author/d0468c23-77c3-45da-8b51-aae606d3d5ff?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=980&amp;w=980&amp;s=2341a243833cdf158f24954e4014e9dc8b429089 980w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/author/d0468c23-77c3-45da-8b51-aae606d3d5ff?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=780&amp;w=780&amp;s=75c913e82baf57d22ea118f6764b9d5e46414463 780w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/author/d0468c23-77c3-45da-8b51-aae606d3d5ff?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=580&amp;w=580&amp;s=a4d42495408f1d6a69e8f47d8534d3e4e08ff823 580w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/author/d0468c23-77c3-45da-8b51-aae606d3d5ff?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=380&amp;w=380&amp;s=eac68b723f0170a869ee1df43754d1cf4f09153e 380w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/author/d0468c23-77c3-45da-8b51-aae606d3d5ff?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=200&amp;w=200&amp;s=0c89aabaf9f2d9d36f4996c28705a0311819c4f6 200w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/author/d0468c23-77c3-45da-8b51-aae606d3d5ff?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=100&amp;w=100&amp;s=5a617975afb3a3d83deb74c4ab3dad1161d471b7 100w\" alt=\"Ola Tjørhom\" sizes=\"(min-width: 981px) 980px, 100vw\" fetchpriority=\"auto\" style=\"aspect-ratio:2048 / 2048\"/></div><div class=\"hyperion-css-0\"><span class=\"byline-name hyperion-css-1cn5stf\" data-test-tag=\"byline:author-name\" data-testid=\"byline:author-name\">Ola Tjørhom</span><div class=\"hyperion-css-lc8ynt\">Professor dr. theol.</div></div></a></li></ul></div></div><div class=\"hyperion-css-ytalhi\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-upuxee\"><div class=\"contentWidth hyperion-css-eemj7d\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-152x5og\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-1xdhyk6\"></div></div></div></div><div class=\"hyperion-css-6kzd76\"></div></div><figure data-test-tag=\"image\" class=\"image fullWidthDesktop top stretch-image-asset-on-mobile landscape hyperion-css-mochwu\"><img class=\"image-asset hyperion-css-u06ts1\" data-test-tag=\"image-asset\" src=\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/495f45e9-60ac-4e09-b1cc-53c01555f945?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=1365&amp;w=2048&amp;s=517010cb7d5b3a75370aaa6623d38409b868bbdb\" srcSet=\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/495f45e9-60ac-4e09-b1cc-53c01555f945?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=1365&amp;w=2048&amp;s=517010cb7d5b3a75370aaa6623d38409b868bbdb 2048w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/495f45e9-60ac-4e09-b1cc-53c01555f945?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=960&amp;w=1440&amp;s=7f09b9f078d4d597ff38878c75d8a853d43a739e 1440w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/495f45e9-60ac-4e09-b1cc-53c01555f945?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=683&amp;w=1024&amp;s=08e72f29c7ad61112ba9f3814964bee75f688762 1024w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/495f45e9-60ac-4e09-b1cc-53c01555f945?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=653&amp;w=980&amp;s=1ddf8f1c1c839d18c156391f86446df2f40e24d5 980w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/495f45e9-60ac-4e09-b1cc-53c01555f945?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=520&amp;w=780&amp;s=41d68ebd57c9c09c84aebe1615bc9a2c628ae7a7 780w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/495f45e9-60ac-4e09-b1cc-53c01555f945?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=387&amp;w=580&amp;s=5ca4327b92b7f70a3a077efc0e5276f13eb3f8ea 580w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/495f45e9-60ac-4e09-b1cc-53c01555f945?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=253&amp;w=380&amp;s=9bd6f188759725ec8d1a53c76a29c7852cc8bc21 380w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/495f45e9-60ac-4e09-b1cc-53c01555f945?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=133&amp;w=200&amp;s=8461d03e83b7ffe1f1ad516a4562dc6acc3b7c2d 200w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/495f45e9-60ac-4e09-b1cc-53c01555f945?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=67&amp;w=100&amp;s=0f4419450434c3b05bf4302f52182222460bbea7 100w\" alt=\"Pave Leo XIV besøker Petersplassen i Vatikanet. Leo XIV synes stort sett å følge kursen til avdøde pave Frans. \" sizes=\"(min-width: 380px) 980px, 100vw\" loading=\"eager\" fetchpriority=\"high\" style=\"aspect-ratio:2048 / 1365\"/><figcaption class=\"image-figcaption hyperion-css-1ksg4fz\" data-test-tag=\"image:caption\"><span class=\"image-caption\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Pave Leo XIV besøker Petersplassen i Vatikanet. Leo XIV synes stort sett å følge kursen til avdøde pave Frans.</span><span class=\"image-byline hyperion-css-161dy2i\"> Foto: Andrew Medichini, AP/NTB</span></figcaption></figure><p class=\"contentWidth hyperion-css-1mepuqa\" data-test-tag=\"lead-text\">Fornyelse kan vinne frem på katolsk hold, men det er komplisert å fullføre løpet. </p><div class=\"paywall hyperion-css-h9wc15\" data-test-tag=\"timestamp\"><div><time itemProp=\"datePublished\" dateTime=\"2025-12-12T21:00:16Z\" aria-label=\"Publisert: 12.12.2025 22:00\">Publisert: 12.12.2025 22:00</time></div></div><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Den katolske kirkes eneste offisielle moderniseringstiltak i nyere tid er Det <span class=\"hyperion-css-4phst3\"><span class=\"word-explainer-text\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">andre vatikankonsil</span><span class=\"word-explanation\"><button class=\"word-explainer-close-button\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"close\"><svg width=\"10\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 10 10\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1E1E1C\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"M1 1L9 9Z\" fill=\"#1E1E1C\"></path><path d=\"M1 9L9 1M1 1L9 9\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"></path></svg></button><span class=\"word-explanation-title\" role=\"term\">andre vatikankonsil</span><span class=\"word-explanation-content\" role=\"definition\">Andre Vatikankonsil (1962–1965): Innkalt av pave Johannes XXIII for å bringe kirken i dialog med den moderne verden; et av de viktigste kirkemøtene i moderne tid. </span></span></span>. Men fornyelsen ble raskt parkert. Uten impulser fra denne kirkelige revolusjonen kan katolisismen ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett.</p><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">I disse dager markeres Det andre vatikankonsils 60-årsjubileum. Kirkemøtets historie handler om en fornyelse som brøt frem, for å ende i motbakke.</p><div class=\"advertory-aftenposten-netboard-wrapper__article \"><div id=\"netboard_1\" class=\"advertory-aftenposten-netboard__article\"></div></div><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Konsilet kom ikke helt som lyn fra klar himmel. Den franske «nyteologien» hadde oppslutning på 1950-tallet. Lignende strømninger fantes i Tyskland og Nederland.</p><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Men i forhold til det katolske lederskapets holdninger innebar Vaticanum II en smått utrolig kursendring. For pavene i det drøye hundreåret mellom 1840 og 1960 var kompromissløs kamp mot «modernismen» en hovedsak. Nyvinninger som tros- og samvittighetsfrihet, demokrati og stemmerett ble bekjempet på bastant vis. I denne perioden var den katolske kirkeledelsen en reaksjonær aktør.</p><h2 class=\"paywall hyperion-css-npxxyf\" data-test-tag=\"paragraph-header\">Reformer nødvendig</h2><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Da Johannes XXIII overraskende ble valgt til pave i 1958, varslet han endringer. Han ble kalt «den gode paven» – og Johnnie Walker, fordi han vandret rundt i Romas gater for å se hvordan folk levde. Johannes var jovial og folkelig. Som kirkelig diplomat hadde han tilegnet seg en fleksibilitet som forgjengerne manglet.</p><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Den nye paven var ingen teologisk liberaler. Men han skjønte at katolisismen krevde reformer. Johannes gjorde aggiornamento til slagordet sitt, han ville oppdatere kirken ved å åpne den for den moderne verden.</p><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Da forslaget om å innkalle til et universelt konsil ble lansert, var protestene sterke. Kurien motsatte seg ideen: Den katolske kirke var et «perfekt samfunn» under «ufeilbarlig» pavelig ledelse, åpen meningsutveksling ville føre til kaos. Men Johannes lot seg ikke stoppe, med vennlig besluttsomhet fastholdt han planen. Før han døde i juni 1963, fikk han oppleve at konsilet var i gang.</p><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">I løpet av fire sesjoner mellom 11. oktober 1962 og 8. desember 1965 innfant ca. 2500 biskoper fra hele verden seg i Roma for å diskutere kirkens fremtid. Selv om drøftingene fant sted i Peterskirken, gikk det ofte en kule varmt. Motsetningene var krasse. Men de «konsilfedrene» som ønsket fornyelse, fikk etter hvert gjennomslag. Biskoper fra Frankrike, Tyskland og Nederland var pådrivere her.</p><h2 class=\"paywall hyperion-css-npxxyf\" data-test-tag=\"paragraph-header\">Endringer vedtatt</h2><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Jeg kan ikke gå inn på konsilets mange vedtak i detalj, men nøyer meg med korte merknader til noen av de mest avgjørende beslutningene:</p><div class=\"advertory-aftenposten-netboard-wrapper__article \"><div id=\"brandboard\" class=\"advertory-aftenposten-netboard__article\"></div></div><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Den katolske kirkes selvforståelse ble justert. Tidligere insisterte en på at den romerske institusjonen var identisk med den «ene» og «sanne» kirken. Nå ble det slått fast at også andre kirker formidlet frelsen. Dette var basert på en dynamisk og inkluderende kirketenkning, kirken var Guds folk på vandring.</p><div class=\"opinion extendedContent paywall hyperion-css-15ic3dq\"><blockquote data-test-tag=\"blockquote\" class=\"hyperion-css-qsvb07\">De fjerne høyaltrene ble erstattet av nære bordaltre, lekfolk fikk sentrale roller, feiringen skulle syde av liv</blockquote></div><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Denne endringen fikk følger for synet på det kirkelige enhetsarbeidet. Mens økumenikk tidligere nærmest ble avfeid som utidig heft – enheten var allerede realisert i den katolske institusjonen, ble katolikker nå sterkt oppfordret til å engasjere seg i det økumeniske arbeidet.</p><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Kirkens forhold til andre religioner ble også preget av en ny åpenhet. Tilslutning til religionsfriheten var utgangspunktet her, det fikk følger for kirkens misjon.</p><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">For leke katolikker hadde fornyelsen av gudstjenestelivet størst betydning. I stedet for den allment brukte latinske messen fra 1570, ble det åpnet for messefeiring på folkespråket. De fjerne høyaltrene ble erstattet av nære bordaltre, lekfolk fikk sentrale roller, feiringen skulle syde av liv. Etter konsilet ble dette fulgt opp gjennom nye, delvis lokalt forankrede liturgier.</p><h2 class=\"paywall hyperion-css-npxxyf\" data-test-tag=\"paragraph-header\">Solidaritet</h2><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Den tydeligste forandringen var knyttet til kirkens forhold til den moderne verden. Dokumentet «Glede og håp» avspeiler dyp solidaritet med menneskene, særlig de som har tungt å bære. Kirken står i et skjebnefellesskap med verden, den må samarbeide med «alle mennesker av god vilje» for å realisere «det felles gode». Lenger bort fra den innbitte katolske «antimodernismen» er det vanskelig å komme. Og mens kirkeledelsen tidligere var en uforsonlig kald kriger, la dette grunnlaget for en viktig midlerrolle mellom øst og vest.</p><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Etter konsilet praktiserte Den katolske kirke – mange steder, om enn ikke overalt – Maos slagord om å la hundre blomster blomstre. Katolikker opplevde en så langt ukjent frihet. Nonner som hadde måttet leve med massiv mannsdominans, utgjorde ofte fornyelsens fortropp. Ordensdrakten ble plassert i skapet, noen av søstrene fant frem gitaren og istemte Bob Dylans protestviser.</p><div class=\"advertory-aftenposten-netboard-wrapper__article \"><div id=\"netboard_2\" class=\"advertory-aftenposten-netboard__article\"></div></div><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Enkelte ganger gikk det litt over stokk og stein. Sett i lys av en oppdemmet frihetslengsel er dette forståelig. Etter en viss famling fikk fornyelsen en tjenlig form. Den katolske revolusjonen fant faktisk sted før 68-ernes opprør.</p><h2 class=\"paywall hyperion-css-npxxyf\" data-test-tag=\"paragraph-header\">Men hvor lenge var Adam i paradis? </h2><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Den nye paven Paul VI og flere av biskopene fikk snart kalde føtter. Mens katolske tradisjonalister kjempet for retur til fortiden. Det første store tilbakeslaget kom allerede med encyklikaen «Om det menneskelige livet» av 25. juli 1968. Skrivet knytter en snerpete seksualmoral til det famøse forbudet mot «kunstig prevensjon», som påførte katolske kvinner blytunge byrder.</p><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">For å gjøre en lang historie altfor kort: Fornyelsen endte i motbakke. Ikke fordi den var uønsket blant katolikker flest, men fordi konservative ledere sviktet. Pavene Johannes Paul II og Benedikt XVI deltok begge på konsilet. Førstnevnte var ikke motstander av dets vedtak, men heller ingen aktiv støttespiller. Sistnevnte fremsto i økende grad som en bremsekloss på dette feltet.</p><h2 class=\"paywall hyperion-css-npxxyf\" data-test-tag=\"paragraph-header\">Antimodernitet tilbake?</h2><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Pave Frans er vrien å plassere. Hans sterke sosiale engasjement og kamp for en mindre stivbeint kirke samsvarer med konsilets intensjoner. Men teologien hans var på mange måter konservativ, og han var mindre opptatt av strukturelle reformer. Leo XIV synes stort sett å følge kursen til Frans. Innenfor dagens norske katolisisme spiller konsilet en temmelig beskjeden rolle.</p><p class=\"paywall hyperion-css-1j42uic\">Følgende konklusjon kan trekkes av Det andre vatikankonsils historie: Fornyelse kan vinne frem på katolsk hold, men det er komplisert å fullføre løpet. Når fornyelsesprosesser blokkeres, kan retrospektiv antimodernitet gjøre comeback i verdens største kirke.</p></article><div id=\"brandmetrics-survey\" class=\"advertory-brandmetrics-survey\"></div><div class=\"hyperion-css-1lkfsxc\"><button aria-label=\"Vis kommentarer\" title=\"Vis kommentarer\" type=\"button\" class=\"hyperion-css-1q6qqhb\"> <!-- -->Vis<!-- --> <!-- -->kommentarer</button></div><div class=\"hyperion-css-1yxx8oe\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-1jbnpry\"><button type=\"button\" title=\"Kopier URL til utklippstavle\" aria-label=\"Kopier URL til utklippstavle\" class=\"hyperion-css-pdsgro\">Kopier lenke</button><a data-test-tag=\"internal-link\" href=\"/tips\" class=\"hyperion-css-1f62hkp\" rel=\"\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"Tips oss\">Tips oss</a></div></div><div id=\"widget-recirculation-matrix\" class=\"extendedContent paywall hyperion-css-177q39v\"><h2 class=\"hyperion-css-r57xc5\" data-test-tag=\"widget:title\">Les videre</h2><div class=\"bundle extendedContent hyperion-css-cbecqi\"><ol class=\"hyperion-css-1700tdj\"><li class=\"hyperion-css-1lcs599\"><a data-test-tag=\"teaser-medium:link-internal\" href=\"/historie/i/zARRQ1/spanias-diktator-francisco-franco-var-han-like-ille-som-hitler-og-stalin\" class=\"imagePosition-top medium historie-teaser hyperion-css-bvr9ut\" rel=\"\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"Han hersket over et anti-moderne diktatur. Men var han like ille som Hitler og Stalin?\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-bjn8wh\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-1k8sl4j\"><img class=\"image-asset hyperion-css-19m5z3\" data-test-tag=\"image-asset\" src=\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/66c74abf-2108-445b-8454-ef2b6c4a7976?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=1536&amp;w=2048&amp;s=8a62ad3085cc6a2a28923bc8002cefb438637cc7\" srcSet=\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/66c74abf-2108-445b-8454-ef2b6c4a7976?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=1536&amp;w=2048&amp;s=8a62ad3085cc6a2a28923bc8002cefb438637cc7 2048w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/66c74abf-2108-445b-8454-ef2b6c4a7976?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=1080&amp;w=1440&amp;s=eb716c3bd908913f148aa38576e453448537b142 1440w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/66c74abf-2108-445b-8454-ef2b6c4a7976?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=768&amp;w=1024&amp;s=064dd216efe8fb719f2d4f2578a4c03c222e978a 1024w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/66c74abf-2108-445b-8454-ef2b6c4a7976?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=735&amp;w=980&amp;s=f7fc144ce098265c1cdbd72307430fbe758c548a 980w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/66c74abf-2108-445b-8454-ef2b6c4a7976?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=585&amp;w=780&amp;s=dbc5a50dd456c4eacd8970db822708415856851f 780w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/66c74abf-2108-445b-8454-ef2b6c4a7976?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=435&amp;w=580&amp;s=9e5aa5417e1ffeb5207259678218aca8a2e6c779 580w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/66c74abf-2108-445b-8454-ef2b6c4a7976?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=285&amp;w=380&amp;s=cab110b4f56f0ab5219502d83998bd8059338f68 380w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/66c74abf-2108-445b-8454-ef2b6c4a7976?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=150&amp;w=200&amp;s=fb5757880d7a22908dc25b9336cdc751b3978547 200w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/66c74abf-2108-445b-8454-ef2b6c4a7976?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=75&amp;w=100&amp;s=82ee0b30cbfdbe211a063fbe6af538d0ef49b04f 100w\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"(min-width: 981px) 980px, 100vw\" loading=\"lazy\" fetchpriority=\"auto\" style=\"aspect-ratio:2048 / 1536\"/></div></div><div class=\"hyperion-css-1hlrz9z\"><div class=\"teaser-label hyperion-css-52yh2p\">HISTORIE<div class=\"timestamp friendly hyperion-css-10eh1jy\" data-test-tag=\"timestamp\"><span class=\"hyperion-css-ea91rp\">Publisert:</span><div><time itemProp=\"datePublished\" dateTime=\"2025-11-18T19:33:27Z\" aria-label=\"2025-11-18T19:33:27Z\" pubdate=\"pubdate\">18. november</time></div></div></div><div class=\"opinion hyperion-css-1ucd1we\"><h2 class=\"hyperion-css-1hyuqep\">Han hersket over et anti-moderne diktatur. Men var han like ille som Hitler og Stalin?</h2></div></div></a></li><li class=\"hyperion-css-1lcs599\"><a data-test-tag=\"teaser-medium:link-internal\" href=\"/historie/i/ArzX53/torkild-rieber-var-sjef-for-oljeselskapet-texaco-og-hjalp-franco-til-makten-i-spania\" class=\"imagePosition-top medium historie-teaser hyperion-css-bvr9ut\" rel=\"\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"Han er kanskje den mest berømte nordmannen du aldri har hørt om. Men det er noe han ikke forteller.\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-bjn8wh\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-1k8sl4j\"><img class=\"image-asset hyperion-css-rv0iwc\" data-test-tag=\"image-asset\" src=\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/147f5928-37c4-4889-a692-d76724e8defa?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=693&amp;w=924&amp;s=c9f0762ab85567f4fb1e4e6852e72c3d307f16f0\" srcSet=\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/147f5928-37c4-4889-a692-d76724e8defa?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=693&amp;w=924&amp;s=c9f0762ab85567f4fb1e4e6852e72c3d307f16f0 924w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/147f5928-37c4-4889-a692-d76724e8defa?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=585&amp;w=780&amp;s=a65b3868c029e1c02d6bbcf12de7b223d0a54d07 780w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/147f5928-37c4-4889-a692-d76724e8defa?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=435&amp;w=580&amp;s=82f75b2bf05372c08db913968b026bb486e8e1ef 580w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/147f5928-37c4-4889-a692-d76724e8defa?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=285&amp;w=380&amp;s=99f516ff8e6dd847a7bf7a0692bc94c7544ef030 380w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/147f5928-37c4-4889-a692-d76724e8defa?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=150&amp;w=200&amp;s=a20413fca02488aaf14e43ad0189171067c9c5cd 200w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/147f5928-37c4-4889-a692-d76724e8defa?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=75&amp;w=100&amp;s=80bb0efc5202f693452d64ac4f21c8df65beb380 100w\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"(min-width: 981px) 980px, 100vw\" loading=\"lazy\" fetchpriority=\"auto\" style=\"aspect-ratio:924 / 693\"/></div></div><div class=\"hyperion-css-1hlrz9z\"><div class=\"teaser-label hyperion-css-52yh2p\">HISTORIE<div class=\"timestamp friendly hyperion-css-10eh1jy\" data-test-tag=\"timestamp\"><span class=\"hyperion-css-ea91rp\">Publisert:</span><div><time itemProp=\"datePublished\" dateTime=\"2025-11-25T19:33:44Z\" aria-label=\"2025-11-25T19:33:44Z\" pubdate=\"pubdate\">25. november</time></div></div></div><div class=\"opinion hyperion-css-1ucd1we\"><h2 class=\"hyperion-css-1hyuqep\">Han er kanskje den mest berømte nordmannen du aldri har hørt om. Men det er noe han ikke forteller.</h2></div></div></a></li><li class=\"hyperion-css-1lcs599\"><div class=\"advertory-aftenposten-netboard-wrapper \"><div id=\"netboard_recirc\" class=\"advertory-aftenposten-netboard\"></div></div></li><li class=\"hyperion-css-1lcs599\"><a data-test-tag=\"teaser-medium:link-internal\" href=\"/meninger/debatt/i/d45XPA/skremmende-forsoek-paa-aa-stilne-kolleger-og-adhd-debatten\" class=\"imagePosition-top medium opinion-teaser hyperion-css-bvr9ut\" rel=\"\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"Skremmende forsøk på å stilne kolleger og ADHD-debatten\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-bjn8wh\"><div class=\"hyperion-css-1k8sl4j\"><img class=\"image-asset hyperion-css-1xin40f\" data-test-tag=\"image-asset\" src=\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/4856474b-eb58-4376-813a-c19bcefe4430?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=1536&amp;w=2048&amp;s=a20fc5e63addc17d83f816ff58e7220b688f8b7b\" srcSet=\"https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/4856474b-eb58-4376-813a-c19bcefe4430?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=1536&amp;w=2048&amp;s=a20fc5e63addc17d83f816ff58e7220b688f8b7b 2048w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/4856474b-eb58-4376-813a-c19bcefe4430?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=1080&amp;w=1440&amp;s=60c0f8ca0c7997f967a23e5b60332c2fb5e7e9bf 1440w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/4856474b-eb58-4376-813a-c19bcefe4430?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=768&amp;w=1024&amp;s=930cc07a973d612b4c0fd4020c5d6c53159488ad 1024w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/4856474b-eb58-4376-813a-c19bcefe4430?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=735&amp;w=980&amp;s=88db8c23be9b5a3017592cbb715211b0dba6d2c2 980w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/4856474b-eb58-4376-813a-c19bcefe4430?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=585&amp;w=780&amp;s=34f93c24f986203ea6c6a6be8c6265ae2e1dd8e1 780w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/4856474b-eb58-4376-813a-c19bcefe4430?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=435&amp;w=580&amp;s=c51f8dded0dec72d6dfa1d93e2f33194391ba749 580w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/4856474b-eb58-4376-813a-c19bcefe4430?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=285&amp;w=380&amp;s=fc20b86d04695fe03ab228dfc3f8f1052df21780 380w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/4856474b-eb58-4376-813a-c19bcefe4430?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=150&amp;w=200&amp;s=a524b66aa88bae2c42a0a6cb6a49d57689064bc7 200w,https://premium.vgc.no/v2/images/4856474b-eb58-4376-813a-c19bcefe4430?fit=crop&amp;format=auto&amp;h=75&amp;w=100&amp;s=abd72c752d072e36a16eea78d772f5760c5b3938 100w\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"(min-width: 981px) 980px, 100vw\" loading=\"lazy\" fetchpriority=\"auto\" style=\"aspect-ratio:2048 / 1536\"/></div></div><div class=\"hyperion-css-1hlrz9z\"><div class=\"teaser-label hyperion-css-52yh2p\">DEBATT<div class=\"timestamp friendly hyperion-css-10eh1jy\" data-test-tag=\"timestamp\"><span class=\"hyperion-css-ea91rp\">Publisert:</span><div><time itemProp=\"datePublished\" dateTime=\"2025-12-05T20:10:43Z\" aria-label=\"2025-12-05T20:10:43Z\" pubdate=\"pubdate\">5. desember</time></div></div></div><div class=\"opinion hyperion-css-1ucd1we\"><h2 class=\"hyperion-css-1hyuqep\">Skremmende forsøk på å stilne kolleger og ADHD-debatten</h2></div></div></a></li></ol></div></div><div id=\"widget-inline-list\" class=\"extendedContent paywall hyperion-css-1wv24dq\"><div class=\"bundle hyperion-css-6nuwex\"><ol class=\"hyperion-css-19mvxvm\"><li class=\"hyperion-css-1og0r8\"><a data-test-tag=\"internal-link\" href=\"/tag/teologi\" class=\"hyperion-css-vpoaev\" rel=\"\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"Teologi\"><span class=\"hyperion-css-0\">Teologi</span></a></li><li class=\"hyperion-css-1og0r8\"><a data-test-tag=\"internal-link\" href=\"/tag/den-romersk-katolske-kirke\" class=\"hyperion-css-vpoaev\" rel=\"\" target=\"\" aria-label=\"Den romersk-katolske kirke\"><span 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{\"location\":{\"pathname\":\"\\u002Fmeninger\\u002Fdebatt\\u002Fi\\u002Fvrm83j\\u002Fkatolisismen-kan-ende-opp-som-et-nostalgisk-raritetskabinett\",\"type\":\"@@ROUTE\\u002Fpage-article\\u002FARTICLE\",\"payload\":{\"section\":\"meninger\\u002Fdebatt\",\"articleId\":\"vrm83j\",\"title\":\"katolisismen-kan-ende-opp-som-et-nostalgisk-raritetskabinett\"},\"prev\":{\"pathname\":\"\",\"type\":\"\",\"payload\":{}},\"kind\":\"load\",\"hasSSR\":true,\"routesMap\":{\"@@ROUTE\\u002Fdummy-frontpage\\u002FFRONT\":{\"path\":\"\\u002F\",\"screen\":{\"compare\":null,\"displayName\":\"Connect(Component)\"}},\"@@ROUTE\\u002Fpodcasts\\u002FPODCAST-PODCAST-HOME\":{\"screen\":{\"compare\":null,\"displayName\":\"Connect(Component)\"},\"path\":\"\\u002Fpodkast\",\"endpoint\":\"\\u002Fpages\\u002Fpodcasts\\u002F?\\u003C%= params 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Administrer dine nyhetsbrev på \\\"Min side\\\".\",\"needsSubscription\":false,\"secondaryNewsletter\":{\"newsletterPublication\":\"ap\",\"newsletterId\":\"ba1a0e9b-996c-46bb-9ec7-8ac5c851fdc8\",\"newsletterName\":\"Se. Lese. Høre. Gjøre.\",\"newsletterDescription\":\"Debattredaktør Erik Tornes sender deg de mest interessante anmeldelsene og debattene.\",\"needsSubscription\":false},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"article-marker-content-start\":{\"type\":\"article-marker\",\"subtype\":\"content-start\",\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Den katolske kirkes eneste offisielle moderniseringstiltak i nyere tid er Det andre vatikankonsil. Men fornyelsen ble raskt parkert. Uten impulser fra denne kirkelige revolusjonen kan katolisismen ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett.\",\"markup\":[{\"type\":\"explanation\",\"offset\":78,\"length\":19,\"symbol\":\"Andre Vatikankonsil (1962–1965): Innkalt av pave Johannes XXIII for å bringe kirken i dialog med den moderne verden; et av de viktigste kirkemøtene i moderne tid. \"}]},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-0\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"I disse dager markeres Det andre vatikankonsils 60-årsjubileum. Kirkemøtets historie handler om en fornyelse som brøt frem, for å ende i motbakke.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-1\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Konsilet kom ikke helt som lyn fra klar himmel. Den franske «nyteologien» hadde oppslutning på 1950-tallet. Lignende strømninger fantes i Tyskland og Nederland.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-2\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Men i forhold til det katolske lederskapets holdninger innebar Vaticanum II en smått utrolig kursendring. For pavene i det drøye hundreåret mellom 1840 og 1960 var kompromissløs kamp mot «modernismen» en hovedsak. Nyvinninger som tros- og samvittighetsfrihet, demokrati og stemmerett ble bekjempet på bastant vis. I denne perioden var den katolske kirkeledelsen en reaksjonær aktør.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-heading\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Reformer nødvendig\"},\"subtype\":\"heading\",\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-3\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Da Johannes XXIII overraskende ble valgt til pave i 1958, varslet han endringer. Han ble kalt «den gode paven» – og Johnnie Walker, fordi han vandret rundt i Romas gater for å se hvordan folk levde. Johannes var jovial og folkelig. Som kirkelig diplomat hadde han tilegnet seg en fleksibilitet som forgjengerne manglet.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-4\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Den nye paven var ingen teologisk liberaler. Men han skjønte at katolisismen krevde reformer. Johannes gjorde aggiornamento til slagordet sitt, han ville oppdatere kirken ved å åpne den for den moderne verden.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-5\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Da forslaget om å innkalle til et universelt konsil ble lansert, var protestene sterke. Kurien motsatte seg ideen: Den katolske kirke var et «perfekt samfunn» under «ufeilbarlig» pavelig ledelse, åpen meningsutveksling ville føre til kaos. Men Johannes lot seg ikke stoppe, med vennlig besluttsomhet fastholdt han planen. Før han døde i juni 1963, fikk han oppleve at konsilet var i gang.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-6\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"I løpet av fire sesjoner mellom 11. oktober 1962 og 8. desember 1965 innfant ca. 2500 biskoper fra hele verden seg i Roma for å diskutere kirkens fremtid. Selv om drøftingene fant sted i Peterskirken, gikk det ofte en kule varmt. Motsetningene var krasse. Men de «konsilfedrene» som ønsket fornyelse, fikk etter hvert gjennomslag. Biskoper fra Frankrike, Tyskland og Nederland var pådrivere her.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-heading-7\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Endringer vedtatt\"},\"subtype\":\"heading\",\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-8\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Jeg kan ikke gå inn på konsilets mange vedtak i detalj, men nøyer meg med korte merknader til noen av de mest avgjørende beslutningene:\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-9\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Den katolske kirkes selvforståelse ble justert. Tidligere insisterte en på at den romerske institusjonen var identisk med den «ene» og «sanne» kirken. Nå ble det slått fast at også andre kirker formidlet frelsen. Dette var basert på en dynamisk og inkluderende kirketenkning, kirken var Guds folk på vandring.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-blockquote\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"De fjerne høyaltrene ble erstattet av nære bordaltre, lekfolk fikk sentrale roller, feiringen skulle syde av liv\"},\"subtype\":\"blockquote\",\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\",\"layout\":\"extendedContent\"},\"text-10\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Denne endringen fikk følger for synet på det kirkelige enhetsarbeidet. Mens økumenikk tidligere nærmest ble avfeid som utidig heft – enheten var allerede realisert i den katolske institusjonen, ble katolikker nå sterkt oppfordret til å engasjere seg i det økumeniske arbeidet.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-11\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Kirkens forhold til andre religioner ble også preget av en ny åpenhet. Tilslutning til religionsfriheten var utgangspunktet her, det fikk følger for kirkens misjon.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-12\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"For leke katolikker hadde fornyelsen av gudstjenestelivet størst betydning. I stedet for den allment brukte latinske messen fra 1570, ble det åpnet for messefeiring på folkespråket. De fjerne høyaltrene ble erstattet av nære bordaltre, lekfolk fikk sentrale roller, feiringen skulle syde av liv. Etter konsilet ble dette fulgt opp gjennom nye, delvis lokalt forankrede liturgier.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-heading-13\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Solidaritet\"},\"subtype\":\"heading\",\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-14\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Den tydeligste forandringen var knyttet til kirkens forhold til den moderne verden. Dokumentet «Glede og håp» avspeiler dyp solidaritet med menneskene, særlig de som har tungt å bære. Kirken står i et skjebnefellesskap med verden, den må samarbeide med «alle mennesker av god vilje» for å realisere «det felles gode». Lenger bort fra den innbitte katolske «antimodernismen» er det vanskelig å komme. Og mens kirkeledelsen tidligere var en uforsonlig kald kriger, la dette grunnlaget for en viktig midlerrolle mellom øst og vest.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-15\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Etter konsilet praktiserte Den katolske kirke – mange steder, om enn ikke overalt – Maos slagord om å la hundre blomster blomstre. Katolikker opplevde en så langt ukjent frihet. Nonner som hadde måttet leve med massiv mannsdominans, utgjorde ofte fornyelsens fortropp. Ordensdrakten ble plassert i skapet, noen av søstrene fant frem gitaren og istemte Bob Dylans protestviser.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-16\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Enkelte ganger gikk det litt over stokk og stein. Sett i lys av en oppdemmet frihetslengsel er dette forståelig. Etter en viss famling fikk fornyelsen en tjenlig form. Den katolske revolusjonen fant faktisk sted før 68-ernes opprør.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-heading-17\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Men hvor lenge var Adam i paradis? \"},\"subtype\":\"heading\",\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-18\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Den nye paven Paul VI og flere av biskopene fikk snart kalde føtter. Mens katolske tradisjonalister kjempet for retur til fortiden. Det første store tilbakeslaget kom allerede med encyklikaen «Om det menneskelige livet» av 25. juli 1968. Skrivet knytter en snerpete seksualmoral til det famøse forbudet mot «kunstig prevensjon», som påførte katolske kvinner blytunge byrder.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-19\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"For å gjøre en lang historie altfor kort: Fornyelsen endte i motbakke. Ikke fordi den var uønsket blant katolikker flest, men fordi konservative ledere sviktet. Pavene Johannes Paul II og Benedikt XVI deltok begge på konsilet. Førstnevnte var ikke motstander av dets vedtak, men heller ingen aktiv støttespiller. Sistnevnte fremsto i økende grad som en bremsekloss på dette feltet.\"},\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-heading-20\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Antimodernitet tilbake?\"},\"subtype\":\"heading\",\"externalClassName\":\"paywall\"},\"text-21\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":{\"value\":\"Pave Frans er vrien å plassere. Hans sterke sosiale engasjement og kamp for en mindre stivbeint kirke samsvarer med konsilets intensjoner. Men teologien hans var på mange måter konservativ, og han var mindre opptatt av strukturelle reformer. Leo XIV synes stort sett å følge kursen til Frans. 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   "source_updated_at" : "2025-12-10 11:29:06",
   "summary" : "Fornyelse kan vinne frem på katolsk hold, men det er komplisert å fullføre løpet. ",
   "tags" : null,
   "title" : "Katolisismen kan ende opp som et nostalgisk raritetskabinett",
   "twitter_title" : null,
   "version" : 1
}